The Mass-Velocity and Position-Velocity Relations in Episodic Outflows

The Mass - Velocity and Position - Velocity Relations in Episodic Outflows

While observational evidence for the episodic nature of young stellar outflows continues to mount, existing numerical and theoretical models of molecular outflows assume they are formed by the interaction of a non-episodic wind from a young stellar object with an ambient cloud. In this Letter we estimate and discuss the effects of episodicity on the mass-velocity and position-velocity relations...

The mass-velocity and intensity-velocity relations in jet-driven molecular outflows

We use numerical simulations to examine the mass-velocity and intensity-velocity relations in the CO J=2-1 and H2 S(1)1-0 lines for jet-driven molecular outflows. Contrary to previous expectations, we find that the mass-velocity relation for the swept-up gas is a single power-law, with a shallow slope ≃ −1.5 and no break to a steeper slope at high velocities. An analytic bowshock model with no ...

Extremely High Velocity Outflows

Extremely high velocity (EHV) wings, with full widths of 72 to 140 km s, are seen on the CO J = 3→2 lines toward W3 IRS 5, GL 490, NGC 2071, W28 A2 (G05.89–0.39), GL 2591, S140, and Cepheus A. Observations of CO and CO J = 3→2 and J = 2→1 lines indicate that optical depth generally decreases with increasing velocity separation from the ambient cloud velocity. Maps of the extremely high velocity...

Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control.

The purposes of this analysis were to predict the feasible movements during which balance can be maintained, based on environmental (contact force), anatomical (foot geometry), and physiological (muscle strength) constraints, and to identify the role of each constraint in limiting movement. An inverted pendulum model with a foot segment was used with an optimization algorithm to determine the s...

Effects of controlling the velocity of shortening on force-velocity-length and time relations in cat papillary muscle. Velocity clamping.